One of the first questions you may have about your back pay benefits is what starting date will be assigned to your claim. Are disability claims retroactive? Do they have a starting date only when a claim is finally accepted by the VA?
This article explains when and how retroactive, or back pay benefits are calculated and paid.
1) What Are Retroactive/ Back Pay Benefits?
Back pay, or what the VA calls retroactive benefits, is the lump sum payment for benefits that have been accruing since the filing of a granted claim. The retro benefits come in a lump sum – paid all at once — after the grant of benefits. All other benefits awarded in connection with the claim are referred to as future benefits, paid in monthly installments.
2) How Do You Determine The Amount Of Entitled Retroactive Benefits?
The amount of entitled back pay or retroactive benefits is determined by the so-called effective date, which is the later of two dates: 1) the date of the filing of the claim or 2) the date when the disability manifests or increases.
The first date is fairly simple to understand; the second is more complicated.
For most claims, the date of the claim determines the effective date. Take, for example, a claim to entitlement to service-connected back disability filed on January 1, 2010. The claim was denied by the regional office on February 1, 2012, and appealed, then later remanded by the Board of Veterans’ Appeals on March 1, 2015, and then ultimately granted by the regional office on April 1, 2017, at a disability level of 30%.
The most likely effective date would be January 1, 2010, the date of the claim. Therefore, the claimant would be entitled to back pay from January 1, 2010, to April 1, 2017, at a 30% disability rate, then monthly installments after that at the same disability rate.
Now, as stated above, for most claims, the date of the claim determines the effective date. But not always, and we see exceptions apply particularly for increased rating claims.
Let me illustrate the point. A claimant with a 30% rating for his service-connected back disability filed a claim for an increased rating on January 1, 2010. On February 1, 2011, the claimant underwent a VA medical examination, and the physician found that the claimant’s back disability had not worsened.
The regional office denies the increased rating claim, and the claim is appealed to the Board of Veterans’ Appeals. The Board remands the claim, instructing the regional office to obtain another VA examination. On March 1, 2015, the claimant saw the second VA examiner, who determined that his back disability had increased to a 50% disability level, but only recently, at or near the time of the second examination.
Here, the effective date would be determined by the date of the increase of disability, March 1, 2015, not the date of the claim, January 1, 2010.
3) What Are Unadjudicated Claims And How Do They Affect The Amount Of Retroactive/Back Pay Benefits?
An unadjudicated claim is a claim that remains open due to an oversight in the VA system.
This can occur during different stages of a claim. In the past (before the VA instituted mandatory application forms), claimants would often file a morass of written submissions.
Buried in these submissions might be statements requesting service-connected benefits, constituting informal claims. Overwhelmed by all the busy text, a VA adjudicator might overlook or even ignore these informal claims.
In theory, upon the claimant’s request, these claims can be activated at any time, with a potential effective date relating back to the filing of the claim.
Unadjudicated claims can also arise during the appellate stage. For instance, a claim will remain unadjudicated if the VA fails to issue a Statement of the Case following the timely filing of a Notice of Disagreement.
Likewise, a claim will remain unadjudicated if the Board of Veterans’ Appeals fails to adjudicate a claim following the timely filing of a Substantive Appeal.
For effective dates, unadjudicated claims can be gold mines. Recall that effective dates are usually determined by the date of the claim. Therefore, if you find an unadjudicated claim in the file, which has remained dormant for years, maybe even decades, the entitled retroactive/back pay may reach as far back as the filing date of the unadjudicated claim.
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4) Is There A Way To Get An Effective Date Earlier Than The Date Of the Claim?
Yes, in a few instances, claimants can be awarded benefits prior to the filing date of their claims.
Newly Discharged Veterans
If a newly discharged claimant files a claim within one year of his military separation, the effective date of his award may go back to his date of discharge.
I say may because the date of the claim is not the only factor; the date the disability manifested must also be considered. Let’s take a veteran who was discharged on January 1, 2018, and files a claim for service-connected back disability on December 1, 2018.
The medical evidence establishes that his back became disabling sometime around May 1, 2018. May 1, 2018 – not January 1, 2018, the date of discharge – will be the assigned effective date.
Increased Rating Claims
An effective date for an increased-rating claim may date back as much as one year before the date of the claim for increase if it is factually ascertainable that an increase in disability had occurred within that timeframe.
Hypothetical: On January 1, 2010, the claimant files for an increased rating for his service-connected back disability in excess of 30%. At the time he filed his claim, there was a medical opinion dated May 1, 2009, showing a 50% disability level. Therefore, May 1, 2009 will be the effective date for the increased 50% disability rating, even though the claim was filed on January 1, 2010.
Agent Orange Exposure Claims
Special rules apply to claims for service-connected Agent Orange-related diseases listed as presumptive service-connected conditions.
From time to time, the VA adds a new condition to the list of presumptive service-connected conditions. If, between September 25, 1985 and May 3, 1989, the VA denies a claim for a condition which was not then listed as a presumptive service-connected condition, but then later grants a claim for the same condition as a newly listed presumptive service-connected condition, the effective date will be the date of the claim previously denied.)
5) Does A Claim have To Be Written To Start The Effective Date?
No matter what, a claim is only a claim for VA purposes if it is a written request for benefits.
There are countless stories of veterans telling VA adjudicators or veteran service officers of their desire to file a claim, but, for whatever reason, no written claim is filed. And the VA does a poor job of notifying veterans they have a potential claim. It is unfortunate because, except for the minor exceptions listed above, the effective date of an award can be no earlier than the date of the written claim.
6) What Are The Effective Dates for TDIU Awards
For the longest time, a request for a total disability award based upon individual unemployability (“TDIU”) was considered its own claim.
That meant the effective date of a TDIU award could be no earlier than the date of a written TDIU request. In a critical case, Rice v. Shinseki, the Veterans Court redefined the status of a TDIU request as an issue tied to a claim but not a claim in itself. Rice said that the service-connected condition upon which the TDIU was based was the claim and that the TDIU request was a theory or issue in support of the claim to achieve the highest possible rating.
Rice is good news for assigning earlier effective dates for TDIU awards. Effective dates for TDIU awards can now go back to the date of the underlying claim, whereas before Rice, the effective date was limited to the filing date of the written request for a TDIU award.
The effective date assigned will depend upon when the medical evidence shows the claimant’s service-connected disability(ies) prevented them from obtaining and maintaining substantial gainful employment.
7.) How Can I Maximize Retroactive Back Pay Benefits?
File your VA disability claim as soon as you determine you might have one. Do not rely on the VA to notify you that you may have a potential disability claim. Because the effective date of an award is usually no earlier than the date of the written claim, delay in filing a claim is usually just leaving monetary benefits, to which you as a veteran are entitled, on the table.
